Klara Schabrod

Klara Schabrod (born Klara Karoline Wilhelmine Emilie Matthies; * 18 January 1903 in Hanover; † 28 March 1999 in Düsseldorf) was a German anti-fascist and communist.

Life and career

Klara Matthies grew up in Hanover. Her mother was a trained seamstress, and her father was a postal worker. She had three siblings. After elementary school, she began working as a domestic servant at the age of 15.¹ According to her own account, she did not learn a trade because of her mother’s early death and the hunger during the First World War.² From 1 September 1924, she was employed as a “needlework teacher” at the municipal school in Rodenberg.³ Three years later, she moved to Düsseldorf, where she joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).⁴ From 1930, she worked in the KPD’s literature distribution operation in Düsseldorf and took charge of the party’s work among women in the Lower Rhine district. Until 1933, she spoke at KPD meetings.⁵ From November 1931 to March 1932, she worked in the distribution department of the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung in Stettin, after which she returned to Düsseldorf. She had been engaged to the politician and communist resistance fighter Karl Schabrod since 1 January 1933. He was arrested on 28 February and later taken to Börgermoor concentration camp. Following a brief release, he was imprisoned in Münster penitentiary from July 1934 to May 1945 for political reasons, under a “life” sentence.⁶ They married on 26 May 1945 in Perleberg, where she had lived since 1942. Klara Matthies thereafter used the name Klara Schabrod. From September 1945, Klara and Karl Schabrod lived in Düsseldorf again with their children Konrad (*1932, †1991) and Klara (*1946).⁷ Klara and Karl Schabrod joined the KPD and the VVN.⁸ Klara Schabrod remained a committed anti-fascist throughout her life and “represented part of the humanist legacy of the communist movement.”⁹ Together with other “children of the resistance,” her daughter Klara Tuchscherer keeps alive the memory of her mother, her father, and their companions.¹⁰

Resistance during National Socialism

Klara Matthies consistently opposed the oppression of women; August Bebel’s book “Die Frau und der Sozialismus” shaped all of her political activity.¹¹ Matthies had experienced firsthand during the First World War that war never did any good, and she therefore opposed National Socialism from the outset.¹² The main reason for her resistance was her effort to prevent a Second World War.¹³ At the beginning of the 1930s, Düsseldorf was still a communist stronghold; the KPD was the largest party there after the Reichstag elections of 1930 and 1932.¹⁴ Many communists were still active in 1933 and engaged in various forms of resistance, Klara Matthies among them.¹⁵ To finance the banned KPD, she collected dues from members in the Düsseldorf districts of Derendorf and Unterrath.¹⁶ Women’s resistance took many forms: finding accommodation for people living underground, setting up front organizations for clandestine political work, producing and distributing leaflets, and collecting money for illegal activities. Without women, much of this work would scarcely have been possible.¹⁷ Klara Matthies supported her fiancé Karl Schabrod throughout his imprisonment of more than ten years with numerous letters; the couple exchanged nearly 200 letters. She was able to visit him in the penitentiary 34 times.¹⁸ Throughout those years, she tried to secure her fiancé’s release through petitions for clemency. Looking back at the age of 96, she explained why resistance had been necessary: “History was such that resistance had to be offered. We did all of this out of sincerity. We could not have done otherwise.”¹⁹

Repression and imprisonment

Matthies was arrested on 26 June 1933 for “communist activities” and “activity hostile to the state.”²⁰ She described the arrest after 1945: About ten SS men came to her apartment at around 10 p.m. and searched for the stamps she sold to support the KPD. “All the while, they kept shining a large flashlight into my face. ‘Tell us, you red sow, where are the stamps?’ I gave no answer.”²¹ The SS found no evidence, but imprisoned Matthies nonetheless and handed her son Konrad over to a National Socialist family living in the same building. They told her: “You will never see your child again. You are not worthy of having a child. We will see to that!”²² The SS had several torture cellars in Düsseldorf, including one in the vault of the Mitteldeutsche Bank at Königsallee 21–23. Klara Matthies was taken to the SS cellar; she was the first woman tortured there.²³ She revealed nothing about her clandestine work. Then, she recalled, “they brought in the man who had informed on me, and he said, ‘Klara, just admit it, or you will be beaten the way I was.’ And I said to him, ‘I do not know you at all. What do you want from me?’ But I really could not recognize him; he had been beaten so badly! His head was square!”²⁴ She continued to deny working for the KPD. Then an SS man shouted, “‘Woman, you are lying! Do you think we will go easy on you because you are a woman?’ My reply, ‘I can see that,’ earned me the first slap, so hard I thought my head would fly across to the wall.”²⁵ She kept silent about the allegations despite severe violence and uncertainty about her son. “In one corner of the interrogation room stood a box with nail points facing upward. The men in boots jeered at me: ‘You will be made to lie on that box if you do not talk, and we will beat your bare ass.’ It did not happen; another group of prisoners was brought in.”²⁶ Matthies was locked in a toilet in the vault for a “horrific night,” during which she heard other people being brutally tortured and “mangled.” “The next morning I had to clean the interrogation room, to wipe up the blood of those who, like me, did not want Hitler’s rule.”²⁷ A day later, she was taken to the women’s prison at Ulmer Höh. No activity hostile to the state could be proven against her, so she was released from “protective custody” on 21 October 1933.²⁸ The night in the torture cellar is not mentioned in any official file. On her release, the prison director advised Matthies against speaking about the violence she had experienced, or she might be arrested again “for spreading atrocity stories”²⁹ or for “atrocity propaganda.”³⁰
On 31 May 1935, Matthies was arrested again in Düsseldorf, together with her brother Otto, and held for five days. They were accused of helping a communist comrade in the “preparation of high treason.” Under Gestapo interrogation on 5 June 1935, she denied engaging in activity hostile to the state or knowing anyone who had done so.³¹ Nothing could be proven against her. After the war, she acknowledged that she had not told the truth during interrogation: At the time of her second arrest, she and others had “just been organizing something”; they had made contacts in workplaces and planned leaflets.³²

Activities after 1945

After 1945, Schabrod filed a claim with the state pension authority for compensation for physical injury and damage to her health. It was rejected because of the short duration of her imprisonment.³³
Throughout her life, Klara Schabrod wrote and spoke publicly about National Socialism to educate others and prevent “the darkest period in German history”³⁴ from recurring. She repeatedly honored other women who, like her, had taken part in the resistance. Above all, she remembered women murdered by the National Socialists and worked to ensure that their names and deeds were not forgotten.³⁵ Talking about what she had experienced was not easy for her: “But we owe it to the victims who have still not received justice, so that they are not forgotten. And it seems even more important to me that we can also help prevent a Third World War and keep our Earth habitable.”³⁶ According to Schabrod, the failure of anti-fascist forces to unite more firmly against National Socialism before 1933 was a lesson that had to be drawn from history.
Klara Schabrod founded the nonpartisan women’s committee in Düsseldorf.³⁷ She served on Düsseldorf’s school committee and on school parent councils, and was active in the women’s and peace movements.³⁸ She regularly attended May Day rallies, was active in the Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschland (DFD) and the Easter March movement, opposed rearmament, and advocated a ban on the atomic bomb.³⁹ For example, she participated in the Mothers’ Day Against the Nuclear Threat in Duisburg on 15 May 1955.⁴⁰ She was active in the “Gemeinschaftshilfe Freier Wohlfahrtsverband,” which was banned in 1959 as an alleged successor organization to the KPD.⁴¹
Karl Schabrod was arrested three more times as a communist under the Adenauer government. Each time, Klara Schabrod campaigned on his behalf and wrote him letters. She also wrote open letters and circulars calling for his release.⁴²
Klara Schabrod died on 28 March 1999 at the age of 96. Her death notice included an excerpt from a poem by Berthold Brecht that she had chosen herself: “Children, if you want them to spare you war, you must ask your parents to see reason. Say out loud that you do not want to live among ruins. Children, if you want them to spare you war.”⁴³

Publications

Schabrod, Klara (1978): Wie das Lied der Moorsoldaten aus dem Lager geschmuggelt wurde. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031-6, pp. 88–89; Reprinted in: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 9–10.
Schabrod, Klara (1978): Ein Blick in ein Frauenantlitz – und alles ist wieder gegenwärtig. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031-6, pp. 85–88; Reprinted in: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 4–5.
Schabrod, Klara (1978): Die drei Mommerstöchter. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031-6, pp. 171–173; Reprinted in: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 48–49.
Schabrod, Klara (1978): Sie sorgten für gesicherte Weiterarbeit. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031-6, pp. 124–125.
Schabrod, Klara (1978): Solidarität mit Fremdarbeitern. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031-6, pp. 173–174.
Schabrod, Klara (1985): Im SS-Keller an der Kö. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative (ed.): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, pp. 14-15, no ISBN.
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67.
Schabrod, Klara (1994): Schwierige Aufgaben. In: Hervé, Florence/Nödinger, Ingeborg (ed.): Bewegte Jahre – Düsseldorfer Frauen, Düsseldorf: Zebulon-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-928679-23-7, pp. 42–43.
Schabrod, Klara (undated): 365 Tage – immer die gleiche Plage!, report, place unspecified, in the private possession of Klara Tuchscherer.

Sources and literature about Klara Schabrod

Secret State Police (Gestapo) file, Düsseldorf State Police Office, concerning Klara Matthies, born 18 January 1903, North Rhine-Westphalia State Archives, Rhineland division, reference number: RW 58, no. 8740.
VVN Archive, Wuppertal: file on Klara Schabrod, no reference number.
Klara Tuchscherer private archive.
Tag/Traum (production company) (1987): Klara Schabrod, geb. Matthies. Eine Frau aus Düsseldorf im kommunistischen Widerstand, from the series: Zeitzeugen. Verfolgung und Widerstand 1933–1945 in Düsseldorf, in cooperation with the Mahn- und Gedenkstätte der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, DVD, 40 minutes.
Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, (new edition 1985: Düsseldorf).
Genger, Angela (1999): Klara Schabrod (1903–1999). In: Augenblick. Berichte, Informationen und Dokumente der Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Düsseldorf, 14–15, Düsseldorf, pp. 30.
Hervé Florence (1999): Klara Schabrod. Eine Frau gegen den Krieg. In: Wir Frauen. Das feministische Blatt, 2, pp. 31.
Heying, Mareen/Hervé, Florence (2012): Klara Schabrod. In: the same authors: Frauen im Widerstand. 1933 bis 1945. Düsseldorf. Köln: PapyRossa Verlag, pp. 75–77, ISBN 978-3-89438-493-7.
Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9.
Heying, Mareen (2014): „denk ich mir auch immer, es kann ja nicht ewig so bleiben“. Klara und Karl Schabrod – Briefwechsel eines kommunistischen Paares zwischen Freiheit und Haft 1934–1945. In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins, 84, pp. 217–238.
Heying, Mareen (2019): Eine kommunistische Beziehung in Spannungsfeldern. Klara Matthies und Karl Schabrod, 1934–1945. In: Arbeit – Bewegung – Geschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Studien, 18, II, pp. 9–26.
Kinder des Widerstandes (ed.) (2016): Antifaschismus als Aufgabe, Wuppertal: self-published, no ISBN.
Rusinek, Bernd (1991): Klara Schabrod. In: Augenblick. Berichte, Informationen und Dokumente der Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Düsseldorf, 1, Düsseldorf, pp. 6–7.
„Erinnern tut not“ (1999). In: Düsseldorfer Stattzeitung, issue 2, pp. 17.

External link

Website of the group „Kinder des Widerstandes“

Machine translation: This article was translated automatically from the German original.

1
Autobiographical résumé by Klara Schabrod, undated, place unspecified, Klara Tuchscherer private archive; Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 17–18. ↩︎
2
Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 44. ↩︎
3
Certificate for Miss Klara Matthies from the municipal school in Rodenberg, 21 July 1927, Klara Tuchscherer private archive. ↩︎
4
KPD membership book, Klara Tuchscherer private archive; Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 18. ↩︎
5
Autobiographical résumé by Klara Schabrod, undated, place unspecified, Klara Tuchscherer private archive; Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 17–18. ↩︎
6
„Als erste Frau im SS-Keller an der Kö“. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 37–44; pp. 43. ↩︎
7
Marriage certificate of Karl and Klara Schabrod, 26 May 1945, Klara Tuchscherer private archive; Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 107. ↩︎
8
Tuchscherer, Klara: Rede auf dem Friedhof Börgermoor – 9. Mai 2015. In: Kinder des Widerstandes (ed.) (2016): Antifaschismus als Aufgabe, Wuppertal: self-published, no ISBN, pp. 60–67. ↩︎
9
Genger, Angela (1999): Klara Schabrod (1903–1999). In: Augenblick. Berichte, Informationen und Dokumente der Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Düsseldorf, 14–15, Düsseldorf, pp. 30. ↩︎
10
Kinder des Widerstandes (ed.) (2016): Antifaschismus als Aufgabe, Wuppertal: self-published, no ISBN. ↩︎
11
Tag/Traum (production company) (1987): Klara Schabrod, geb. Matthies. Eine Frau aus Düsseldorf im kommunistischen Widerstand, from the series: Zeitzeugen. Verfolgung und Widerstand 1933–1945 in Düsseldorf, in cooperation with the Mahn- und Gedenkstätte der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, DVD, 40 minutes; minute 0–1. ↩︎
12
Heying, Mareen/Hervé, Florence (2012): Klara Schabrod. In: the same authors: Frauen im Widerstand. 1933 bis 1945. Düsseldorf. Köln: PapyRossa Verlag, ISBN 978-3-89438-493-7, pp. 75–77; pp. 75. ↩︎
13
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67; pp. 63. ↩︎
14
Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf (ed.) (1990): Verfolgung und Widerstand in Düsseldorf. 1933–1945, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, no ISBN, pp. 84; pp. 87. ↩︎
15
Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf (ed.) (1990): Verfolgung und Widerstand in Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, no ISBN, pp. 84; pp. 96. ↩︎
16
Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 20–21. ↩︎
17
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67; pp. 63; „Erinnern tut not“ (1999). In: Terz. Düsseldorfer Stattzeitung, issue 2, pp. 17. ↩︎
18
Heying, Mareen (2019): Eine kommunistische Beziehung in Spannungsfeldern. Klara Matthies und Karl Schabrod, 1934–1945. In: Arbeit – Bewegung – Geschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Studien, 18, II, pp. 9–26; pp. 10. ↩︎
19
Heying, Mareen/Hervé, Florence (2012): Klara Schabrod. In: the same authors: Frauen im Widerstand. 1933 bis 1945. Düsseldorf. Köln: PapyRossa Verlag, ISBN 978-3-89438-493-7, pp. 75–77; pp. 77. ↩︎
20
Secret State Police (Gestapo) file, Düsseldorf State Police Office, concerning Klara Matthies, born 18 January 1903, North Rhine-Westphalia State Archives, Rhineland division, RW 58, no. 8740, unpaginated ↩︎
21
Schabrod, Klara (1985): Im SS-Keller an der Kö. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative (ed.): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, no ISBN, pp. 14–15; pp. 14. ↩︎
22
Tag/Traum (production company) (1987): Klara Schabrod, geb. Matthies. Eine Frau aus Düsseldorf im kommunistischen Widerstand, from the series: Zeitzeugen. Verfolgung und Widerstand 1933–1945 in Düsseldorf, in cooperation with the Mahn- und Gedenkstätte der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, DVD, 40 minutes: minute 10–11. ↩︎
23
Frauenbüro der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf (ed.) (1991): Düsseldorfer Frauen auf den Spuren … Wege durch die Geschichte der Stadt, Düsseldorf: Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, no ISBN, pp. 48. ↩︎
24
Klara Schabrod quoted in: Fleermann, Bastian/Jakobs, Hildegard (2013): Herrschaft der Gewalt. Die nationalsozialistische Machtübernahme 1933 in Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag Düsseldorf, ISBN 978-3-7700-1493-4, pp. 45. ↩︎
25
Schabrod, Klara (1985): Im SS-Keller an der Kö. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative (ed.): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, no ISBN, pp. 14–15; pp. 14. ↩︎
26
Frauenbüro der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf (ed.) (1991): Düsseldorfer Frauen auf den Spuren … Wege durch die Geschichte der Stadt, Düsseldorf: Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, no ISBN, pp. 48. ↩︎
27
Schabrod, Klara (1985): Im SS-Keller an der Kö. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative (ed.): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand, Düsseldorf: publisher unspecified, no ISBN, pp. 14–15; pp. 14. ↩︎
28
Secret State Police (Gestapo) file, Düsseldorf State Police Office, concerning Klara Matthies, born 18 January 1903, North Rhine-Westphalia State Archives, Rhineland division, RW 58, no. 8740, unpaginated ↩︎
29
„Als erste Frau im SS-Keller an der Kö“. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 37–44; pp. 42. ↩︎
30
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67; pp. 65. ↩︎
31
Gestapo file, Düsseldorf State Police Office, concerning Hans Israel, born 9 September 1905, North Rhine-Westphalia State Archives, Rhineland division, reference number: RW 58 no. 12004, unpaginated ↩︎
32
Tag/Traum (production company) (1987): Klara Schabrod, geb. Matthies. Eine Frau aus Düsseldorf im kommunistischen Widerstand, from the series: Zeitzeugen. Verfolgung und Widerstand 1933–1945 in Düsseldorf, in cooperation with the Mahn- und Gedenkstätte der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, DVD, 40 minutes, minute 22. ↩︎
33
„Als erste Frau im SS-Keller an der Kö“. In: Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 37–44; pp. 37. ↩︎
34
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67; pp. 63. ↩︎
35
Schabrod, Klara (1978): Ein Blick in ein Frauenantlitz – und alles ist wieder gegenwärtig, pp. 85–88; Sie sorgten für gesicherte Weiterarbeit, pp. 124–125; Die drei Mommerstöchter, pp. 171–173; Solidarität mit Fremdarbeitern, pp. 173–174. In: Schabrod, Karl: Widerstand gegen Flick und Florian. Düsseldorfer Antifaschisten über ihren Widerstand 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-87682-031. ↩︎
36
Schabrod, Klara (1989): Widerstand von Frauen in Düsseldorf. In: Neuhaus-Koch, Ariane (ed.): Der eigene Blick. Frauen-Geschichte und -Kultur in Düsseldorf, Neuss: Ahasvera Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927720-00-3, pp. 63–67; pp. 67. ↩︎
37
Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 109. ↩︎
38
Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 44. ↩︎
39
Eulogy for Klara Schabrod by Martha Buschmann, copy in the private possession of Florence Hervé; Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 112. ↩︎
40
Demokratische Fraueninitiative Düsseldorf (1979): Trotz alledem. Frauen im Düsseldorfer Widerstand. Berichte – Dokumente – Interviews, Neuss: Plambeck & Co Druck und Verlag GmbH, no ISBN, pp. 38. ↩︎
41
Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 110. ↩︎
42
Tuchscherer, Klara: Geleitwort. In: Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 7–8; pp. 7. ↩︎
43
Heying, Mareen (2014): „sei innigst umarmt und geküsst“. Klara Schabrod – Alltagskonstruktionen einer Kommunistin in Briefen zur Zeit des deutschen Faschismus, Bochum: RuhrEcho Verlag, ISBN 978-3-931999-20-9, pp. 112. ↩︎

Antifascism, Communism, Düsseldorf, KPD, Peace movement, Socialism, Women's movement

Empfohlene Zitierweise

Mareen Heying
(2023)
: Klara Schabrod. In: Equalpedia.

Online unter:

https://www.equalpedia.org/en/klara-schabrod-2/

(Zugriff am 26. September 2026).

Erstellt am: 23. September 2026
Verfasser*in: Mareen Heying
Zuletzt bearbeitet am: 24. September 2026
Activism, Biographies, Politics
Antifascism, Communism, Düsseldorf, KPD, Peace movement, Socialism, Women's movement